A Holistic Story of Space and Time by David Pearcey

Author:David Pearcey
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Popular science
Publisher: Matador
Published: 2023-06-19T00:00:00+00:00

Three-dimensional forces and electromagnetism

Electromagnetism in the real world is a bimodal force consisting of both an electric and a magnetic component. The electric component, like gravity, only requires two dimensions of space to operate by, and its force dissipates with the square of the distance, just as for gravity. However, an electric field cannot exist on its own, because a moving electromagnetic field will always be associated with a magnetic field. Magnetic fields have a north and a south pole, where the magnetic field lines pass out of the top of the centre of the electric field and enter the bottom, forming a dipole field that dissipates at a rate of the cube of distance. If two electric charged particles interact with each other in a plane, the electric fields will act within the orbital plane; however, the magnetic component will push them out of the plane. That is why there is a need for a geometry with three dimensions.

Electromagnetic forces operate with respect to the Faraday frame of reference. It is a local frame of reference centred on each particle’s electromagnetic field. Each electromagnetic particle uses its own frame of reference to interact with other particles through the laws of electromagnetism; as well as this, there is a limit to the velocity an electromagnetic field can have with respect to another particle’s Faraday frame of reference, the velocity of light.

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